Morphological comparisons
We obtained adult sample peels maintained regarding STRIBC (N =67), this new American Museum regarding Sheer Records (AMNH, Letter =25), and the You National Museum bird range (USNM, N = 10) of Costa Rica, Panama, and you will Colombia for every away from around three phenotypic faculties: i) dorsal plumage, ii) ventral plumage, and you can iii) facial protect ornamentation. Following , MJM, Sel, and up to three almost every other observers (find Additional document step one: Desk S1) scored for each and every bird on their own toward a scale of 0 – step one, in which 0 portrayed a great phenotypically sheer Jacana spinosa, and you will step 1 depicted an excellent phenotypically pure Jacana jacana (considering contrasting having skins away from outside the get in touch with zone), and we also averaged new ratings for each trait as the phenotypic crossbreed list per sample . Specimens which have phenotypic hybrid indices less than 0.ten was in fact classified since “pure” spinosa, whenever you are an index off 0.90 or higher is scored as the “pure” jacana. A rating between 0.10 and 0.twenty five was categorized because the “spinosa-like”, while a directory ranging from 0.75 and you will 0.90 is actually categorized because “jacana-like”. Specimens having indicator between 0.twenty five and you can 0.75 was indeed categorized as the “hybrids”.
Genetic data
I sequenced a beneficial 652 foot partners fragment of your latin woman date Reddit own mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase We gene (COI: new DNA barcode fragment) of 59 Panamanian jacanas, in addition to a few specimens regarding eastern Honduras provided for the investigation of the J. Klicka and Marjorie Barrick Art gallery. We chose so it gene when planning on taking advantage of existing succession study into the Genbank to have jacanas out of varied geographical places, that have been along with placed into the dataset (Letter = 10). Lab strategies follow important strategies which have been explained somewhere else . I tried however, were not able to create sequence data out of bottom mat extractions on Smith and you may Emlen group of specimens.
The latest COI study were used in order to estimate this new hereditary distinctiveness out of the two jacana varieties and infer the amount of time away from speciation anywhere between J. spinosa and you can J. jacana, and assess the studies to which topography constraints gene circulate inside jacanas (i.e. isolation-by-distance). We made average-joining community from inside the PopART . We used Mega in order to estimate the average distance using the HKY make of molecular progression so you’re able to examine divergence during the jacanas for other avian kinds where hereditary length might have been determined with the HKY design .
We tested to the effect of geographical point towards hereditary variations (we.elizabeth., separation because of the length) through an effective Mantel shot then followed on system Alleles in space , hence compares hereditary and geographic distances one of some one as opposed to populations. For both J. spinosa and you may J. jacana mtDNA sequence establishes, i coordinated uncorrected pairwise series divergence with pairwise geographical range to possess every it is possible to pairs. Dependence on the fresh correlation try dependent on contrasting new observed correlation so you’re able to haphazard correlations considering ten,100 permutations.
So you can fit the fresh new mtDNA-dependent analyses off genetic introgression across the jacana hybrid area, we sequenced a few autosomal introns (gapdh 11: , and 10551: ) to possess STRIBC specimens accumulated across the Panama. According to an initial testing from succession version regarding a number of products from for each and every geographic endpoint (beyond your crossbreed region) of your testing design, i known one nucleotide polymorphism for every intron: gapdh step 3- anti-sense status 136 (cytosine-thymine: C-T change), and you may 10551 condition 153 (adenine-guanine: A-G changeover). Positions is actually according to lined up sequences of each intron on J. spinosa take to MJM8238 (Genbank accessions: gapdh: KM891734, 10551: KM891735).
Cline shape analyses
We estimated the shape of the phenotypic and genotypic clines using ClineFit , which applies the cline fitting formulas developed by Szymura and Barton . The shape of a cline is determined by three formulas. The first formula (1) defines a symmetric S-shaped curve around the center of the hybrid zone, and relies on two parameters: c – for the center of the curve, and w – which is 1/maximum slope of the cline, and represents the cline width. Two additional formulae define the cline tails (2,3) and add four additional parameters: z L and z R , which represent the distance from c to a vertical asymptote for the exponential decay of allele frequencies to the left and right sides of the hybrid zone, while ? L and ? R define the rates of this exponential decay relative to the shape of the central cline (1).
